Parasitoid flies collected in the south Gois and west Minas Gerais, Brazil

T he objective of the present study was to extend the knowledge of the biology of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). T he pupae were obtained using the flotation method. T hey were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of adult dipterous or their parasitoids. Between May 1998 and February 2013, 6.030 fly pupae were collected. In 228 of these pupae, 1105 specimens of N. vitripennis were found. T he overall percentage of parasitism was 3.8%. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the fly that had the highest percentage parasitism (9.6%). In relation to the hosts collected, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), C. megacephala and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) medical-veterinary.


Introduction Introduction
All the representatives of Chalcididae behave as parasitoid and most attack Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (Grissel and Schauff, 1990). T he Chalcididae are cosmopolitan insects with a high diversity in the tropics (Gauld and Bolton, 1988) including approximately 1500 species. T hey are predominantly solitary endoparasitoids (Gauld and Bolton, 1988).
T he Pteromalidae are one of the biggest families of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with approximately 3100 species. T hey may be solitary or gregarious, ectoparasitoids or endoparasitoids, primary or secondary parasitoids, or even predators. Most of them develop as solitary or gregarious ectoparasitoids in the larvae or pupae of Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera or Siphonaptera (Gauld and Bolton 1988;Hanson and Gauld, 1995 (Rivers and Denlinger, 1995;Schurmanm et al., 2014). It is a polyphagous insect parasite over 68 species of Diptera.
T he objective of the present study was to extend the knowledge of the biology of the parasitoid N. vitripennis in Brazil. T he flies were collected by using traps, made of dark cans measuring 19 cm in height and 9 cm in diameter, with two openings resembling blinders, located in the lowest third of the can, to allow flies to enter. T he top of the can was connected to a nylon funnel that was open at both ends, with the base pointing down. T his was wrapped in plastic bags, so that when they were removed, the flies and parasitoids could be collected. T he following items were used as baits: human feces, cattle kidneys, fish, chicken and cattle liver which were placed inside the cans, over a layer of earth. Five traps were used and they were hung on trees at a height of one meter above the ground, two meters apart from each other.
T he insects collected were taken to the laboratory, sacrificed with ethyl ether and kept in 70% alcohol for further identification. T o obtain the parasitoids, the contents of the traps were placed in plastic containers with a layer of sand for use as a substrate for transformation of the larvae into pupae. T his sand was sifted after being in the fields for 15 days and the pupae were extracted from it and were individually placed in gelatin capsules (number 00) in order to obtain the flies and/or parasitoids.

2.2-Experiment with Manure Chicken.
T he feces collected originated from 40 "Hyline" chickens that were reared in a cage system. T he feces that accumulated under the cages varied in terms of moisture content, ranging from pasty to firm. Fresh feces (pasty), which were collected immediately after emission, were placed in five basins of 30 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height, and were left in an appropriate environment, in a dry location, for 15 days. For extraction of the pupae using the floatation method, the routine procedures for this type of experiment were modified. T he parasitoids and dipterous that emerged were identified with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. T he total percentage parasitism was calculated by means of the number of pupae parasitized, divided by the total number of pupae collected, and multiplied by 100. T he percentage parasitism of each parasitoid species was calculated by means of the number of pupae parasitized per species of parasitoid, divided by the total number of pupae from that host, and multiplied by 100.

3-Results and Discussion 3-Results and Discussion
Between May 1998 and February 2013, 6.030 fly pupae were collected. In 228 of these pupae, 1105 specimens of N. vitripennis were found (T able 1). T he overall percentage of parasitism was 3.8%. T his percentage can probably be explained in terms of the availability of resources, the host density and the searching capacity of the parasitoids.
Some species of dipterous included in the infraorder Muscomorpha are of fundamental medical and veterinary importance, since they can produce myiasis (Oliveira et al., 2004) and act towards transmission of pathogens to humans and animals (Chow, 1940;Greenberg, 1971;Ekanem et al., 2013;Marchiori, 2013). T hese dipterous are potential mechanical vectors for etiological agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoan cysts and helminths eggs (Greenberg, 1971).
T he occurrence, distribution and prevalence of these dipterous in metropolitan areas are factors of great public health importance. In rural areas, these insects can cause decreased egg production and animal diseases and constitute a nuisance for human populations close to the breeding sites (Berti Filho et al., 1996;Couri and Barros, 2010;Ekanem et. al., 2013;Velásquez et al., 2013).
Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the fly that had the highest percentage parasitism (9.6%). Chrysomya megacephala is often found associated with the modified human environment, in which its larvae live on decomposing organic matter from animals. T his is of great interest from the medical and sanitary point of view, and occurrence, distribution and prevalence of this species in metropolitan areas are very important factors. T his species has been observed in human bodies and in pets. Adults of C. megacephala can be attracted by substances in the fermentation process, decomposition, blood and wounds (D'Almeida, 1993;1994;Carvalho and Ribeiro, 2000;Renaud et al., 2012). In relation to the hosts collected, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), C. megacephala and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) medicalveterinary. Chrysomya albiceps is of major medical and sanitary interest, because it is responsible for secondary myiasis and is a vector for pathogenic microorganisms .
Musca domestica is a species of great sanitary interest because of its synanthropic characteristics, abundance in urban areas, capacity to develop in several sorts of substrates and high reproductive capacity (Marchiori, 2014a;b).
Considering the importance of these dipterous insects for public health, as vectors of disease-causing agents, it is essential to conduct surveys on these natural enemies to aid in adequate control of dipterous insects through integrated control methods (Marchiori, 2014c: Marchiori and.