PARASITOIDS OF MUSCA DOMESTICA L. 1758 (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) COLLECTED IN TWO AREAS OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF GOIS, BRAZIL

T his study aimed to ascertain the species of parasitoids of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) that were collected in two areas of the central region of Goiás. T his experiment was conducted in two places: on the farm of the School of Veterinary and Animal Science of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil (rural area 1), and on the campus of the Federal University of Goiás in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (urban area 2). Parasitoids were collected by exposing larvae of M. domestica and its breeding substrate (beef liver) outdoors, in containers filled with sand that were placed next to garbage containers. From March to December 2015, 67 species of parasitoids were collected; 39.3% of the individuals were obtained in rural area and 60.7% in urban area. In both locations, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was the most frequent species, with 79.2% and 62.0% in the rural and urban areas, respectively. T he percentage of parasitism in urban area was 6.9%, and in rural area 9.1%.

Parasitoids are important regulators of insect populations and stand out as the main group of natural enemies in agricultural systems. T hey are present in various orders of insects and their adaptation to a parasitic behavior is seen most diversely and abundantly in the order Hymenoptera (Panizzi & Parra, 2009).
T his study aimed to ascertain the species of parasitoids of M. domestica that were collected in two areas of the central region of Goiás.

M AT ERIALS AN D M ET H ODS M AT ERIALS AN D M ET H ODS
T his experiment was conducted in two places: 1) on the farm of the School of Veterinary and 2) Animal Science of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil (rural area), and on the campus of the Federal University of Goiás in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (urban area).
Parasitoids were collected by exposing larvae of M. domestica and its breeding substrate (bovine beef liver) outdoors, in containers filled with sand that were placed next to garbage containers. T he larvae of M. domestica used were from the stock maintained and reared at the Institute of T ropical Pathology and Public Health.
T hey were kept in the laboratory so as to begin abandonment of the diet. T he larvae remained in the field for fifteen days, and became pupae. T he insects collected were taken to the laboratory, sacrificed using ethyl ether and kept in 70% alcohol for further identification. T o obtain the parasitoids, the contents of the traps were placed in plastic containers with a layer of sand for use as a substrate for transformation of the larvae into pupae. T his sand was sifted after being in the field for 15 days and the pupae were extracted from it and were individually placed in gelatin capsules in order to obtain the flies and/or parasitoids.
T he total of percentage parasitism was calculated by means of the number of pupae parasitized, divided by the total number of pupae collected, and multiplied by 100. T he percentage parasitism of each parasitoid species was calculated by means of the number of pupae parasitized per species of parasitoid, divided by the total number of pupae from that host, and multiplied by 100.

RESULT S AN D DISCUSSION RESULT S AN D DISCUSSION
From March to December 2015, 66 species of parasitoids were collected: 39.3% of the individuals were obtained from rural areas, whereas 60.7% were obtained from urban areas (T able 1). T he greater number of specimens collected in urban areas was possibly due to greater food supply, to variations in the quality and availability of food resources, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae is a solitary parasitoid of many Diptera of the families Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, T achinidae, T ephritidae and others. It presents wide geographical distribution, including in North America and Africa (Hanson & Gauld, 1995).
T he percentage of parasitism in urban was 9.0% and in rural areas 6.9%. T hese proportions are related to the search capacity and the seasonal variation in parasitoid levels. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae found in the two collection areas also had the highest percentage of parasitism. Perhaps its greater competitive potential in the larval stage can explain this fact.
Several species of the Encyrtidae family have been successfully used in biological control programs. Hemencyrtus herbertii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) behave as parasitoid, developing internally in the host body and emerging from the puparium (Noyes, 1980;Gauld & Bolton, 1988).
T he use of chemical substances to control this fly may result in high production costs.
Moreover, this may render fruit unfit for exportation, cause damage to the environment and harm human health as well. T hus, searching for effective natural enemies may provide a viable alternative method for containing this pest through a long-term control programs.
CON CLUSION S CON CLUSION S 1-39.3% of the individuals were obtained in rural area and 60.7% in urban area. 2-In both locations, P. vindemmiae was the most frequent species, with 79.2% and 62.0% in the rural and urban areas, respectively. 3-T he percentage of parasitism in urban area was 6.9%, and in rural area 9.1%.