Studies and surveys of parasitoids collected from oceanic islands

The Amazon is formed by different ecosystems such as dense upland forests, seasonal forests, igapó forests, flooded fields, floodplains, savannas, mountain refuges and pioneer formations. For the preparation of this study, which consists of building a bibliographic summary of the main groups of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera (Parasitica Hymenoptera) collected in the Amazon Biome, a bibliographic search was carried out that contained published works on the following aspects: Definition Caatinga, Characteristics Hymenoptera, Characteristics Parasitica Hymenoptera, Main Superfamilies, and Families and Studies carried out and Main genera or species, during the period from December 2019 to January 2020.

Knowing the scradoale insect species in citrus orchard and associate them with parasitoids is an important way to contribute with biological control, therefore reducing damage to the environment (Oliveira, 2015).

2-Methods
For the preparation of this study, which consists of building a bibliographic summary of the main groups of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera (Parasitica Hymenoptera) collected in the Amazon Biome, a bibliographic search was carried out that contained published works on the following aspects: Definition Caatinga, Characteristics Hymenoptera, Characteristics Parasitica Hymenoptera, Main Superfamilies, and Families and Studies carried out and Main genera or species, during the period from December 2019 to January 2020.

3-Parasitic Hymenoptera characteristics, main superfamilies and families and studies carried out and main genera or species
The parasitoids were collected in a gradient comprising 80 meters inside the forest until 80 meters inside the orchard. The scale insects were collected in a gradient comprising the forest edge until 80 meters inside the orchard and than carried to laboratory to quantify the emergence of parasitoids. We tested the influence of edge distance and spontaneous vegetation on abundance, richness, diversity and composition of parasitoid families. For the parasitoids species correlated with de scales reared in laboratory we tested the influence of edge distance, spontaneous vegetation and citrus scale abundance over the abundance and richness of scale parasitoids (Oliveira, 2015).
Overall, the composition of families was different between forest, edge and orchard and abundance, richness and diversity of parasitoid families were both influenced by edge distance and spontaneous vegetation on orchard, we also found that the spontaneous vegetation reduced the edge effect and influenced the abundance , diversity and richness of some families of parasitoids. In the rearing of scales, were found nine species belonging to four families, Diaspididae, Coccidae, Pseudococcidae and Ortheziidae (Oliveira, 2015).
In the traps of the interior of the plantation and edge, 5098 individuals were collected, distributed in 40 families of Hymenoptera. Of these, 1083 were mealybug parasitoids and seven species were identified: Arrenophagus chionaspidus, The coefficient of similarity between communities varied from 82 to 100% (Canal et al., 1995).
The Serra do Divisor National Park (PNSD), located at the northwest of Acre State, Amazonia, is considered an area of great biodiversity. The question of considering insects in conservation programs. Solitary and social wasps are important components of the terrestrial ecosystems due to their position in trophic webs. The present study aimed at making a rapid ecological assessment of the wasps from the PNSD in order to support the elaboration of a conservation and management plan for that park. The insects were sampled in 12 sites located in eight forest types by Malaise traps that operated in each for 24 hours, totaling 288 hours of sampling. The results on the families Chalcididae, Eucharitidae, Evaniidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Crabronidae and Vespidae are presented here (Morato, et. al., 2008).
On the whole, 366 wasps were collected representing 40 genera and 85 species. The genera Ephuta (Mutillidae), Trypoxylon (Crabronidae) and Conura (Chalcididae) were the most specious. The sites situated at the northern region of the PNSD, the intangible and primitive zones, were the most species rich. Some collected species were considered rare and about 65% of species were exclusive to only one site. This means that the samples have little faunal similarity (Morato, et. al., 2008).
Braconidae is a highly diversified family of Hymenoptera and usually known by their role in biological control both in  (Gadelha, et al., 2012).
A total of 377 wasps were captured, 17 subfamilies and 56 genera identified. Braconinae, Microgastrinae, Doryctinae and Rogadinae subfamilies were very abundant, and also the genera Aleiodes, Bracon, Capitonius, Compsobracon, Heterospilus, Hymenochaonia, Opius, Pedinotus, Rogas and Stantonia. The calculated Shannon diversity index was 2.15 and 3.3 for subfamily and genera, respectively, which were, generally, higher than the values found for other regions in Brazil. Generally, parasitoids were more abundant during the rainy season. The present work contributes with new genera records and faunistic data of Braconidae in Rondonia State, western Amazon (Gadelha, et al., 2012).
This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil).
Collections were performed in four 1 km 2 quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids (Costa, 2009 showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 andA. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids (Costa, 2009).
Fruit production is an important agricultural activity in Brazil, fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) being the main phytosanitary problem for the chain. In the Amazon region, the cultivation of different native and exotic fruit trees is extensive, usually inserted in diversified systems of family farmers, where it plays an important role in the food security of these families as well as complementing their income This research characterized the fruit production systems of family farming communities, through the collection of fruits in these areas, to determine the diversity of fruit fly species, their hosts and natural enemies in two municipalities of the northeast of Pará (Façanha, 2017).
The studies were carried out in the municipalities of Igarapé-Açú (S 1 ° 07'33 -W 47 ° 37'27 ") and Marapanim (S 00 ° 43 '03" -W 47 ° 41' 59 "). Selected farmers were interviewed according to their availability, in order to characterize the fruit Qeios, CC-BY 4.0 · Article, January 5, 2021 Qeios ID: KYEXLQ · https://doi.org/10.32388/KYEXLQ 4/6 production systems found (and collection of fruit samples to identify fruit flies, their hosts ter and natural enemies. The sampling was carried out on diversified systems and the surrounding areas. Fruits were collected randomly from plants and recently fallen from the ground. The samples were conditioned and taken to the entomology laboratory of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, where they were arranged in plastic trays wrapped in organza fabric and evaluated every 48 hours to verify the emergence of pupae. The pupae were deposited in transparent plastic flasks (8 cm in diameter x 6 cm in height) on a thin layer of vermiculite and wrapped in organza fabric, conditioned in B.O.D until adults were obtained. The adults that emerged were killed and deposited in other flasks containing 70% ethanol and labeled for further identification (Façanha, 2017).
In this research, 1287 fruits were collected, divided into 57 composite samples and 77 individualized samples, belonging to 17 fruit tree species of 10 botanical families. Only 303 fruits were infested by fruit fly larvae of which 504 pupae were counted, that originated 197 specimens of tephritids, all from the genus Anastrepha. Four species were identified, including A. bahiensis, the first record of this species associated with fruits of carambola (Averrhoa carambola) at the State of Pará. Fruits of five hosts were infested, all previously described in Pará. From the samples 48 parasitoids from the Braconidae family of three different species were obtained: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) and Asobara Anastrephae (Muesebeck) (Façanha, 2017).